██████ ███████████

█████ ██████ ███████████ █████ ████████ ████ █████

█████ ████, ██████ ███████████ ████████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ██████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}){\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ ██████ ████████ ████ ███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ██ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\equiv \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ████████ █████ ████ ████ ██████. (██████ █- ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\equiv \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ██████ ████ █ █████, ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$) ███, ████ ██ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\not\equiv \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ███, ████ ████ █- ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ █████ ██████ ██████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+\frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}}$. ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}}$ █████ ██████ ██████: ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\cdot \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ ██████ █████ ██████ ███████████ ████████ ████ █████, █████ ██ █████ ████.

█████: ████ █████ ██ ███████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ █████ ██ █ ██████ █- ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █████: ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ██ ███ ████ ███ █████ ████ █- ${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{)}^{\prime }}$ ████ ████:

${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{)}^{\prime }=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\int \mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}+\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

████, ███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\in \mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █████, ████████ ██████ █████ ██ ███████.

███, ████ █████ ███ ███ ████████ █████████████ ██████████ ████ █████.

████ ███ ███, █████ ██████, █████ ███████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ██ ████████ ██ ██ ███████ ██, ████ ████ ████ ██ ██████ ██ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ██ ████ ████ █████████ ██ █ ██████ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\int \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ████ █- ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ██████ ██████. █████ ███ ███ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$. ████ ██ █████ ████ ██████: ${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{)}^{\prime }=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}){\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ (██████ ███████ ██"█ ███ ███ ███████, ████ ██ ██████ ██ (████████ ████ █)) ████ ██ ${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{)}^{\prime }=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}){\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }+{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ █████ ██████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ ${\displaystyle \frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\prime }(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$. ████ ████ ███████ █████: ${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}){)}^{\prime }=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\Rightarrow \mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}))=\int \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\Rightarrow \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\int \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ████, ███ ███████ ████████ ███, ████ █████ ███ ████ ████ ████ █████ ██ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ██ █████ █████ ██ █████████ ██████ █- ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$.